Difference between revisions of "Reframing"

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Thus, the vmPFC is where we deliberately weigh in our minds whether an action will be worth it.  We can then make the decision either to welcome that action and the reward it will bring, or to reject that action and the threat it represents.  The decision we make here will determine our level of physiological arousal and the branch(es) of the autonomic nervous system that are activated.{{Citation needed}}
 
Thus, the vmPFC is where we deliberately weigh in our minds whether an action will be worth it.  We can then make the decision either to welcome that action and the reward it will bring, or to reject that action and the threat it represents.  The decision we make here will determine our level of physiological arousal and the branch(es) of the autonomic nervous system that are activated.{{Citation needed}}
  
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It appears that this capacity to weigh and "feel" consequences is necessary for the "accuracy" of decisions that have emotional valence.  For example, the vmPFC is well established as the seat of our moral, ideal-based choices.<ref>Cameron CD, Reber J, Spring VL, Tranel D. Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is associated with impairments in both spontaneous and deliberative moral judgments. Neuropsychologia. 2018 Mar;111:261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.038. Epub 2018 Jan 31. PMID: 29382558; PMCID: PMC5866785.</ref><ref>Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:412-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063. Epub 2013 Mar 15. PMID: 23507394; PMCID: PMC3756836.</ref><ref>Barrash J, Tranel D, Anderson SW. Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;18(3):355-81. doi: 10.1207/S1532694205Barrash. PMID: 11385830.</ref>  For the vmPFC,  virtue is its own reward, in a very literal sense!  The vmPFC also allows us to simulate the minds of others,<ref>Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG, Nicholas CL, Drummond KJ, Moffat BA, Phal P, Desmond P, Kessels RP. Social cognition in patients following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Dec 30;224(3):192-203. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.007. Epub 2014 Aug 19. PMID: 25284626.</ref> particularly others' emotional states,<ref>Sebastian CL, Fontaine NM, Bird G, Blakemore SJ, Brito SA, McCrory EJ, Viding E. Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012 Jan;7(1):53-63. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr023. Epub 2011 Apr 4. PMID: 21467048; PMCID: PMC3252629.</ref> which is important in our ability to develop empathy.<ref>Lev-Ran S, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs theory of mind learning. Eur Psychiatry. 2012 May;27(4):285-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.008. Epub 2011 Feb 15. PMID: 21324655.</ref>  Economic decision-making occurs primarily with the vmPFC, as expected rewards and punishments are involved.<ref>Koenigs M, Tranel D. Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 24;27(4):951-6. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4606-06.2007. PMID: 17251437; PMCID: PMC2490711.</ref><ref>Pujara MS, Wolf RC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage alters relative risk tolerance for prospective gains and losses. Neuropsychologia. 2015 Dec;79(Pt A):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.026. Epub 2015 Oct 24. PMID: 26597003; PMCID: PMC4679627.</ref>  In fact, vmPFC activity is chronically reduced in gamblers and addicts, indicating a certain "myopia for the future" that prevents the addict from ''feeling'' the full consequences of a choice.<ref>Bechara A, Dolan S, Denburg N, Hindes A, Anderson SW, Nathan PE. Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(4):376-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6. PMID: 11164876.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.</ref>
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It appears that this capacity to weigh and "feel" consequences is necessary for the accuracy of decisions that have emotional valence.  For example, the vmPFC is well established as the seat of our moral, ideal-based choices.<ref>Cameron CD, Reber J, Spring VL, Tranel D. Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is associated with impairments in both spontaneous and deliberative moral judgments. Neuropsychologia. 2018 Mar;111:261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.038. Epub 2018 Jan 31. PMID: 29382558; PMCID: PMC5866785.</ref><ref>Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:412-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063. Epub 2013 Mar 15. PMID: 23507394; PMCID: PMC3756836.</ref><ref>Barrash J, Tranel D, Anderson SW. Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;18(3):355-81. doi: 10.1207/S1532694205Barrash. PMID: 11385830.</ref>  For the vmPFC,  virtue is its own reward, in a very literal sense!  The vmPFC also allows us to simulate the minds of others,<ref>Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG, Nicholas CL, Drummond KJ, Moffat BA, Phal P, Desmond P, Kessels RP. Social cognition in patients following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Dec 30;224(3):192-203. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.007. Epub 2014 Aug 19. PMID: 25284626.</ref> particularly others' emotional states,<ref>Sebastian CL, Fontaine NM, Bird G, Blakemore SJ, Brito SA, McCrory EJ, Viding E. Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012 Jan;7(1):53-63. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr023. Epub 2011 Apr 4. PMID: 21467048; PMCID: PMC3252629.</ref> which is important in our ability to develop empathy.<ref>Lev-Ran S, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs theory of mind learning. Eur Psychiatry. 2012 May;27(4):285-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.008. Epub 2011 Feb 15. PMID: 21324655.</ref>  Economic decision-making occurs primarily with the vmPFC, as expected rewards and punishments are involved.<ref>Koenigs M, Tranel D. Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 24;27(4):951-6. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4606-06.2007. PMID: 17251437; PMCID: PMC2490711.</ref><ref>Pujara MS, Wolf RC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage alters relative risk tolerance for prospective gains and losses. Neuropsychologia. 2015 Dec;79(Pt A):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.026. Epub 2015 Oct 24. PMID: 26597003; PMCID: PMC4679627.</ref>  In fact, vmPFC activity is chronically reduced in gamblers and addicts, indicating a certain "myopia for the future" that prevents the addict from ''feeling'' the full consequences of a choice.<ref>Bechara A, Dolan S, Denburg N, Hindes A, Anderson SW, Nathan PE. Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(4):376-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6. PMID: 11164876.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.</ref>
  
 
The neuroscientific literature has several examples of patients who have lost the above capabilities through vmPFC damage,<ref>Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994 Apr-Jun;50(1-3):7-15. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3. PMID: 8039375.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Van Der Linden M. Decision-making and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005 Dec;18(6):734-9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000194141.56429.3c. PMID: 16280687.</ref> although their intelligence and reasoning remains intact. Such patients are perfectly capable of describing the decisions they know they ''should'' make, but when actually faced with an emotionally charged decision, the inability to "feel" the good choice makes them incapable of executing it.<ref>Damasio AR. Descartes' Error. New York: Putnam; 1994.</ref>
 
The neuroscientific literature has several examples of patients who have lost the above capabilities through vmPFC damage,<ref>Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994 Apr-Jun;50(1-3):7-15. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3. PMID: 8039375.</ref><ref>Bechara A, Van Der Linden M. Decision-making and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005 Dec;18(6):734-9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000194141.56429.3c. PMID: 16280687.</ref> although their intelligence and reasoning remains intact. Such patients are perfectly capable of describing the decisions they know they ''should'' make, but when actually faced with an emotionally charged decision, the inability to "feel" the good choice makes them incapable of executing it.<ref>Damasio AR. Descartes' Error. New York: Putnam; 1994.</ref>

Revision as of 22:23, 20 April 2021

Reframing is one of the core concepts found in OptimalWork. Reframing is the process of deliberately discovering how a perceived threat is actually an opportunity.

The major claims of OptimalWork pertaining to reframing, and their basis in the neuroscientific literature, can be found below.

The Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

First, it is our claim that a definite structure within the brain increases activity whenever reframing is performed, and that this structure is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). We often call this the "appraisal center" of the brain. The vmPFC is a structure deep within the prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain that controls executive function.

Per the scientific literature, the vmPFC is a multifaceted structure with two primary functions: the weighing of the emotional consequences of a choice, and the conditioning and extinction of negative emotions.

The vmPFC and Emotional Expectation

First, the vmPFC is the brain structure through which we make emotionally-laden decisions.[1]

When we consider a potential action, the vmPFC enables us to "simulate" the emotional consequences of that action, both good and bad.[2] Using the vmPFC, we register emotional expectations, calculating the "amount" of expected reward and expected penalty that a given action would provide.[3] Thus, the vmPFC is where we deliberately weigh in our minds whether an action will be worth it. We can then make the decision either to welcome that action and the reward it will bring, or to reject that action and the threat it represents. The decision we make here will determine our level of physiological arousal and the branch(es) of the autonomic nervous system that are activated. [Citation Needed]

It appears that this capacity to weigh and "feel" consequences is necessary for the accuracy of decisions that have emotional valence. For example, the vmPFC is well established as the seat of our moral, ideal-based choices.[4][5][6] For the vmPFC, virtue is its own reward, in a very literal sense! The vmPFC also allows us to simulate the minds of others,[7] particularly others' emotional states,[8] which is important in our ability to develop empathy.[9] Economic decision-making occurs primarily with the vmPFC, as expected rewards and punishments are involved.[10][11] In fact, vmPFC activity is chronically reduced in gamblers and addicts, indicating a certain "myopia for the future" that prevents the addict from feeling the full consequences of a choice.[12][13][14]

The neuroscientific literature has several examples of patients who have lost the above capabilities through vmPFC damage,[15][16] although their intelligence and reasoning remains intact. Such patients are perfectly capable of describing the decisions they know they should make, but when actually faced with an emotionally charged decision, the inability to "feel" the good choice makes them incapable of executing it.[17]

Conditioning and Extinction of Negative Emotions

The vmPFC's second primary function is the generation and regulation of negative emotion, primarily through its interactions with the amygdala.[1]

The vmPFC is extensively and reciprocally connected to the amygdala,[18] which is the brain's automated detector of threats. The amygdala responds both to innate and to conditioned [19][20] threats with fear. Conditioned fear in particular — fear that is learned through negative appraisal and avoidance behaviors — occurs through substantial interactions between the vmPFC and the amygdala.[21]

Through interactions with the amygdala, however, the vmPFC can reverse the very sensitization it helped facilitate. It has a very well established role as the brain's nidus for extinction learning, in which conditioned threat responses are progressively muted and eventually eliminated.[22][23] The vmPFC does this in the present moment through "cognitive reappraisal" or "reversal learning," in which the negative appraisal of a situation is turned into a positive one.[24][25] The vmPFC also facilitates recall of extinction: it suppresses amygdalar activity and subdues the fear response when faced with a previously-aversive stimulus that has been reversed.[26][27][28][29]

The vmPFC's Role in Reframing

  • Fear Thou Not (see below)


Reframing and the Autonomic Nervous System

vmPFC can be “taken offline” and suppressed when someone views a situation as a threat (Thayer 2009, Arnsten 1998, ____________ )

vmPFC is active in the regulatory control of emotions (Etkin 2011); its activation suppresses conditioned fear expression by the amygdala (Quirk 2003, Rosenkranz 2003, Likhtik 2005).

vmPFC has substantial projections into the amygdala (Quirk 2003, Rosenkranz 2003, Likhtik 2005, Oschner 2002, Ghashghaei 2007).


Reframing and Left-Right Neuroscience

Reframing is the ability to see a challenge in its broadest (therefore truest) possible context, which touches on left-right neuroscience.

[To be continued]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hiser J, Koenigs M. The Multifaceted Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Emotion, Decision Making, Social Cognition, and Psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 15;83(8):638-647. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.030. Epub 2017 Nov 20. PMID: 29275839; PMCID: PMC5862740.
  2. ↑ Juechems K, Balaguer J, Ruz M, Summerfield C. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Encodes a Latent Estimate of Cumulative Reward. Neuron. 2017 Feb 8;93(3):705-714.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.038. PMID: 28182906.
  3. ↑ Levy DJ, Glimcher PW. The root of all value: a neural common currency for choice. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Dec;22(6):1027-38. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.06.001. Epub 2012 Jul 3. PMID: 22766486; PMCID: PMC4093837.
  4. ↑ Cameron CD, Reber J, Spring VL, Tranel D. Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is associated with impairments in both spontaneous and deliberative moral judgments. Neuropsychologia. 2018 Mar;111:261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.038. Epub 2018 Jan 31. PMID: 29382558; PMCID: PMC5866785.
  5. ↑ Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:412-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063. Epub 2013 Mar 15. PMID: 23507394; PMCID: PMC3756836.
  6. ↑ Barrash J, Tranel D, Anderson SW. Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;18(3):355-81. doi: 10.1207/S1532694205Barrash. PMID: 11385830.
  7. ↑ Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG, Nicholas CL, Drummond KJ, Moffat BA, Phal P, Desmond P, Kessels RP. Social cognition in patients following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Dec 30;224(3):192-203. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.007. Epub 2014 Aug 19. PMID: 25284626.
  8. ↑ Sebastian CL, Fontaine NM, Bird G, Blakemore SJ, Brito SA, McCrory EJ, Viding E. Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012 Jan;7(1):53-63. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr023. Epub 2011 Apr 4. PMID: 21467048; PMCID: PMC3252629.
  9. ↑ Lev-Ran S, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs theory of mind learning. Eur Psychiatry. 2012 May;27(4):285-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.008. Epub 2011 Feb 15. PMID: 21324655.
  10. ↑ Koenigs M, Tranel D. Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 24;27(4):951-6. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4606-06.2007. PMID: 17251437; PMCID: PMC2490711.
  11. ↑ Pujara MS, Wolf RC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage alters relative risk tolerance for prospective gains and losses. Neuropsychologia. 2015 Dec;79(Pt A):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.026. Epub 2015 Oct 24. PMID: 26597003; PMCID: PMC4679627.
  12. ↑ Bechara A, Dolan S, Denburg N, Hindes A, Anderson SW, Nathan PE. Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(4):376-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6. PMID: 11164876.
  13. ↑ Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.
  14. ↑ Bechara A, Damasio H. Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00015-5. PMID: 11992656.
  15. ↑ Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994 Apr-Jun;50(1-3):7-15. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3. PMID: 8039375.
  16. ↑ Bechara A, Van Der Linden M. Decision-making and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005 Dec;18(6):734-9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000194141.56429.3c. PMID: 16280687.
  17. ↑ Damasio AR. Descartes' Error. New York: Putnam; 1994.
  18. ↑ Amthor FR. Emotion. In: Amthor FR, Theibert AB, Standaert DG, Roberson ED. eds. Essentials of Modern Neuroscience. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2020.
  19. ↑ Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Rockland C, Damasio AR. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science. 1995 Aug 25;269(5227):1115-8. doi: 10.1126/science.7652558. PMID: 7652558.
  20. ↑ LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci. 1995 Oct;15(10):6846-55. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06846.1995. PMID: 7472442; PMCID: PMC6578018.
  21. ↑ Izquierdo I, Furini CR, Myskiw JC. Fear Memory. Physiol Rev. 2016 Apr;96(2):695-750. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2015. PMID: 26983799.
  22. ↑ Quirk GJ, Garcia R, González-Lima F. Prefrontal mechanisms in extinction of conditioned fear. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 15;60(4):337-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.010. Epub 2006 May 19. PMID: 16712801.
  23. ↑ Milad MR, Quirk GJ. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature. 2002 Nov 7;420(6911):70-4. doi: 10.1038/nature01138. PMID: 12422216.
  24. ↑ Nili U, Goldberg H, Weizman A, Dudai Y. Fear thou not: activity of frontal and temporal circuits in moments of real-life courage. Neuron. 2010 Jun 24;66(6):949-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.009. PMID: 20620879.
  25. ↑ Doré BP, Boccagno C, Burr D, Hubbard A, Long K, Weber J, Stern Y, Ochsner KN. Finding Positive Meaning in Negative Experiences Engages Ventral Striatal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Regions Associated with Reward Valuation. J Cogn Neurosci. 2017 Feb;29(2):235-244. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01041. Epub 2016 Sep 14. PMID: 27626229.
  26. ↑ Quirk GJ, Gehlert DR. Inhibition of the amygdala: key to pathological states? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;985:263-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07087.x. PMID: 12724164.
  27. ↑ Rosenkranz JA, Moore H, Grace AA. The prefrontal cortex regulates lateral amygdala neuronal plasticity and responses to previously conditioned stimuli. J Neurosci. 2003 Dec 3;23(35):11054-64. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-35-11054.2003. PMID: 14657162; PMCID: PMC6741051.
  28. ↑ Milad MR, Wright CI, Orr SP, Pitman RK, Quirk GJ, Rauch SL. Recall of fear extinction in humans activates the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in concert. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Sep 1;62(5):446-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.011. Epub 2007 Jan 9. PMID: 17217927.
  29. ↑ Finger EC, Marsh AA, Mitchell DG, Reid ME, Sims C, Budhani S, Kosson DS, Chen G, Towbin KE, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Blair JR. Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 May;65(5):586-94. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.586. PMID: 18458210; PMCID: PMC3104600.
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